Malala and Joshua Wong:

                                      The  Success of the Asian Young

11 January 2015
                                                                                                                  Phap Can

           One of the things that makes America unique is the success of the young. “Thomas Edison signed the application for his first patented invention, an electrografic vote recorder” when he was just twenty-first years old (DeGraaf 3). Bill Gates started to create Microsoft company at the age of twenty-two (Heller 6). Steve Jobs started his Apple Computer company when he was just twenty one years old (Falcon); the same can be said of Mark Zuckerberg with his Facebook company at the age of twenty.  However, this advantage no longer makes America unique, for Asian society has learned and is catching up. It takes a long time for Asian society to catch up the Western technology, so we rarely see Asian young, famous gifted people in technology. Nonetheless, in other fields such as women’s rights or democracy today, the world this year must look admiringly at two young people in Asia. Malala, a fearless little girl fighting nonviolently for girls’ education in Pakistan who has just received Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 and Joshua Wong, a brave leader for democracy in Hong Kong this year also, are a rare phenomenon. Why youths lead protests, how famous they are, and what their movements in the future may be are three aspects that will be presented in this work. They are both just seventeen years old. Their accomplishments are truly amazing.

            Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997 in Pakistan. She wants to go to school to just study like any girl in the world. However, the Taliban, a militant Islamic power, has tried to stop girls’ education. Because of their strong beliefs, the Taliban uses violence such as bombing the school or killing the school girls. Malala’s father, an educator, encourages her to continue to study. Malala continued to study. She has written a blog and shared her point of view with the public since 2010. She and her father received “death threats” (“Unbreakable”), but she still kept moving forward. Malala was awarded the National Youth Peace Prize by Pakistani government in 2011.

            On October 9, 2012, when Malala was on a school bus coming home, a man shot her with three bullets. She was full of blood and was sent to the hospital. Luckily, she was still alive. Then she was transferred to Great Britain to have a special treatment at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. Again, she still kept moving forward in this honorable, yet dangerous way. In 2013, Malala “spoke in front of the United Nations to advocate for education rights” (“Unbreakable”). She also met the current Secretary-General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, and the ruling president of the United States, Barak Obama, in this conference. In this year 2014, she received the Nobel Peace Prize. She is the youngest person to have received this noble prize.

            Joshua Wong was born on 13 October, 1996, in Hong Kong, China.  He is a college student at Open University of Hong Kong. Wong is an activist.  In 2011, he is a founder of Scholarism- a  high school and university students association that protests the moral and national education in Hong Kong which the Chinese government tried to establish. In 2012, hundreds of Hongkongers followed the Scholarism, so the government had to yield. In the fall 2014, Wong leads “Occupy Central,” (“Hong Kong Protests”) a demonstration “which had begun nine days earlier with class boycotts, swelled to include well over 100,000 people” (“No exit; Hong Kong Protests.”). Many young Hongkongers, most of whom are students, even slept all night outside, in the street. The reason is the Chinese government demands Hongkongers vote for Hong Kong’s highest leader in the next elections in 2017 from a set of people whom the Chinese government has chosen beforehand. Hongkongers cannot choose anyone whom they admire (Buckley). Consequently, many Hongkongers disagree and protest. The police try to confront the protesters through non-violent actions. However, the line between non-violent and violent action is frail. The police used pepper spray, so the students used umbrellas to protect themselves. Therefore, many people often call this phenomenon the “Umbrella Revolution” (Smith). Wong was in jail a few months ago (then was free) and right now, he is arrested again. Joshua Wong is on top 25 most influential teens in 2014, according to Time magazine (“The 25 Most Influential”). 

Joshua Wong

            It is so admirable to see the two very, very young people, Malala and Joshua Wong, who are in front of the revolution. Why do these young people lead the protests? The Christian Science Monitor answers that they want to apply their classroom knowledge to real life (“Why Teens Often Lead Protests”). The other answers, in my opinion, are that they are geniuses who can clearly see the injustice in their society, or people behind them want to make an impression with very young leaders so that many people all over the world must observe in curiosity. Then how are they famous?

            Joshua Wong now just owns a humble reputation. At the end of this year 2014, he is on the top 25 influential teens all over the world. He is certainly well-known in Hong Kong, and maybe in some parts of China. However, he could lead only about 100,000 protestors for Hong Kong’s democracy (“No Exit; Hong Kong Protests”). 100,000 is a humble number compare to seven million Hongkongese citizens. It is under 2% population; it is just more crowded mass who go to the stadium to watch an English football match. However, I think, in the future, he will be more famous in the world.

            Malala, in the other hand, is very famous. She was awarded the National Youth Peace Prize by Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gilani in 2011. This award has changed its name to be the National Malala Peace Prize in that year (Khan). Moreover, Malala had an opportunity to “[speak] in front of the United Nations to advocate for education rights” (“Unbreakable”). She also met the current Secretary-General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, and the ruling president of the United States, Barak Obama, in this conference. Uniquely, in this year 2014, she received the Nobel Peace Prize. She is the youngest person who receives this noble prize. Certainly she is on the previous top 25 influential teens in the world in 2014.

            Many geniuses who fight for freedom, democracy, and women’s rights have to bear a bitter and serious period of time. Thich Nhat Hanh (my spiritual teacher who was nominated for Nobel Peace Prize by Martin Luther King in 1967) and Dalai Lama had to live as refugees. Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela had to stay in jail. More seriously, both M. Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. were assassinated. The two young Asian are the same. Within the last four months, Wong has been arrested two times. Nobody knows whether he will be in jail, for the Chinese government has not really established the rule of law yet. Much more seriously, Malala received death threats from the Taliban. Then she was shot with three bullets. They are too little, too naïve to face these unlucky situations. How about their movements in the future?

            It will take a long time for Joshua Wong’s movement to be successful. First, Wong lacks experience, for he is obviously young. Not only mere knowledge in theory but also practical experience in reality, especially something related to politics, is extremely important. Second, this movement needs to invite the majority of Hongkongers to participate. Mere students are not enough; Wong has many things to do to collaborate with other groups such as civil organizations, pro-Democratic parties, and other human rights groups in order to demonstrate more effectively in long-term. It is curious to observe the practice of democracy within the groups (Chen). If in the future Wong has to give up his leadership, the demonstration still will be democratic. Third, many Hongkongers so far prefer high quality of life rather than politics. One statistic says “In the over 80 percent of Hong Kongers’ top concerns are livelihood and economic issues” (Li). Therefore, it is hard to persuade them to delay study or jobs in order to demonstrate for the right to vote. Second last, America does not interfere in Hong Kong’s demonstration. VOX analyses, “The best thing that Obama can do now, unfortunately, is probably to keep quiet” (Fisher). Yes, it is a surprising fact that “the U.S. consulate in Hong Kong issued a mealy-mouthed statement saying ‘we do not take sides in the discussion of Hong Kong’s political development, nor do we support any particular individuals or groups involved in it’” (Marshall). The last and the most important reason is that the Chinese goverment wants to slowly change Hong Kong into a Chinese province. China can do this because first, according to the legitimacy, England had given Hong Kong back to China in 1997; England has taken its hands off of Hong Kong. Second, China is the second biggest economy in the world, and they own nuclear weapons. It is hard, very hard, for universal suffrage to happen in Hong Kong as China is not really democratic. Hence, Joshua Wong has to be ready for the long-term fight.

            However, two hopes for Wong’s movement are that America has turned “the pivot to Asia” (“The Obama Administration”). This means slowly by slowly, America can support Hong Kong, or at least help them by  its soft power. The second hope is some futurists analyse that China will collapse like Russia in the past (Friedman 88). At that time, Chinese mainland will be weaker and Hong Kong could have a slight chance.

            The opposing views say that now Hong Kong owns the highest level of “political participation.” In the past Hong Kong was a colony belonging to England. In this period of time, “[Hong Kong] was ruled by 28 governors — all of them directly appointed by London” (Li). The author, Li, also explains:

          "Only after the return of sovereignty to China 17 years ago did Hong Kong gain real public participation in governance. Today, half of the legislature is directly elected by thepublic and the other half by what are called functional constituencies. The chief executive, a native Hong Konger, is selected by a committee of 1,200 other Hong Kongers. Further, Beijing has now devised a plan for voters to elect the next chief executive directly, rather than by committee, in 2017 among candidates fielded by a nominating committee — also made up of Hong Kongers."

          This means in the past, the highest leader in Hong Kong was appointed by the English; Hongkongers could not vote for this powerful position. Now Hongkongers can vote for this position from a set of people which are nominated by the Chinese government. This is still better than that one in the past, anyway.  Nonetheless, nowadays the situation is not a true democracy as Wong and many Hongkongers want; Hongkongers need a true democratic system in which they can vote directly for the highest leader in Hong Kong, as well as for the highest leader in China.

            The same as Wong, Malala has confronted and will deal with huge powers for a long time. The Taliban’s behaviors are quite cruel. As describe above, they restrain education for girls by violent actions such as sending death threats, bombing the school, or killing school girls. Malala herself is the victim of their violence with three bullets. Fazl-E-Haider, in a scholarly journal article, writes that Malala has to face “not Taliban, but Talibanization” (73). Moreover, “the Taliban has not only accepted responsibility for the attack [Malala], but also threatened to attack [Malala] again if she survives” (76). It means Malala has to be very careful with her life, every day, twelve months per year. In my opinion, it takes a long time to change a religious culture, especially in a culture in which people can be ready to kill themselves for a vague goal in the next life while they want others to die with them. Luckily for her, both the Pakistani govement and the U.S. support her noble mission. Nonetheless, in Swat, Malala’s village, the Taliban is still strong.  In the book I am Malala, the author writes that “One black day, [the Taliban] even dynamited the face of the Jehanabad Buddha” (Yousafzai 124). Since they came, “The Taliban became the enemy of fine arts, culture and our history” ( Yousafzai 124). Not only in Swat but also in Pakistan, the Taliban is a strong power. They even “declared war on the Pakistani government”(Yousafzai 128). Both Pakistani govement and the U.S. have tried to fight them, but the result is not really good (Yousafzai 126-134).  Malala’s way is more dangerous than the way Wong goes, but she is luckier than Wong up until now. Her way will be supported by everyone in the world because girls’ education is a universal right.

            The opposing views from the Taliban is that they do not want their girls who would be educated by Western style, for their men will weaken the dominated way of life. Also, female Islamic extremists explain that they prefer the traditional way of life for women; Western education is something that is inappropriate (Unbreakable). Furthemore, as JUI-F, a religious and rightist political party, points out, the attack on Malala is not true “because there was no sign of an injury after the bandage on her head was removed” (Fazl-E-Haider 76). In my opinion, Western education is not a ghost; we do not need to avoid it. Instead, we need to desire it, for its benefits are huge.

            When I was seventeen years old, my deepest dream was just to pass many difficult exams in order to study at the best university in my country. I succeeded. This is an ambitious, yet quite selfish desire, however. Therefore, I observe Malala and Joshua Wong with adoring eyes. I often wonder again why youths lead protests, how famous they are, and what their movements in the future may be. Both Malala and Joshua Wong speak English well. This is an advantage. The globalization and high technology such as newspaper, magazine, blog, Internet, Email, Facebook, etc will also help both of them be more effective in spreading their movements or just to be seen by others in the flat world. For Wong, Hong Kong is a developed high-tech region, so many people there can know quicky and clearly about the injustice and could participate. With the support from the government and the U.S., especially with the Nobel Peace Prize, many people hope Malala will be more effective to increase woman’s rights and girls’ education in Pakistan and in the world. Many people hope so. One advice, one mirror for both of them is the life of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. He is a both political and spiritual leader who fights against China non-violently for Tibet’s freedom. He passed many difficulties in his life such as when Chinese military attacked Lhasa, the capital where he lived, he had to escape narrowly to India by a long road from Tibet, etc (Marcello). With love and forgiveness in the mind, he never feels despair though the situations are extremely hard. Nowadays, the Dalai Lama is the number one on top 100 spiritual leaders in the world (“Watkin’s Spiritual 100”). Malala and Joshua Wong are young, so they have enough energy and time to continue their rough roads. They are the two geniuses Asian youth. This is the lesson for the West to study in their fields, woman’s rights and democracy, which they have mastered in the past. Also, this is the torch for many dark corners in the world to be inspired, to hope, and to stand up.

Annotated Bibliography

Brown, Erika. How to Think Like The World's Greatest High Tech Titans. New York: McGraw. 2001. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.

Buckley, Chris. "Court Chastens Protest Leader in Hong Kong." New York Times 28 Nov.            2014: A10(L). Biography in Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

Chen, Michelle. “The Future of the Umbrella Revolution.” Jacobin. Jacobin, n.d. Web. 26 Oct.     2014.

            Michelle Chen states that in Hong Kong “thousands of protestors” are  gathering, which is called the “Umbrella Revolution.” Many Hongkongers “are very angry” that the Chinese goverment will not allow Hongkongers to have universal suffrage in 2017. It means the Chinese government chooses candidates, and the Hongkongers can only vote for the leader of Hong Kong from this set; thus, they demonstrate. She writes about the Chinese government as a main reason for Hong Kong’s weaknesses.  Many graduated young people are forced to follow a style of working like “contract work, unstable work, or low-paid work.” Moreover, in Hong Kong, “the wealth gap is the biggest among the developed countries.” China’s central government tries to negatively control Hong Kong. They limit the level of freedom such as reducing political liberty or restricting social media. There are some disagreements within the groups of protesters. They agree completely about the demand of democracy, but they conflict in the strategy and direction. Chen presents an interesting idea that “what the Occupy movement is trying exercise is not only fighting for democracy externally; it’s also exercising democracy internally, among the protesters, among the participants.” The student unions need to gather other groups such as civil organizations, pan-Democratic parties, and other human rights groups in order to demonstrate more effectively in the long-term. This is new, informative, and persuasive work. However, I think this work has a tendency to take the protesters’ side. The author cannot give the advantage of Chinese government. Also, America still keeps silent about Hong Kong’s situations, and China is the second biggest economy, and they have nuclear weapons. The future of the Umbrella Revolution is quite weak.

DeGraaf, Leonard. Edison and the Rise of Innovation. New York: Sterling, 2013. Print.

Falcon, Alvaris. “Tribute To Steve Jobs (1955-2011).” Hongkiat.com. Hongkiat Lim, 2014.          Web.    30 Nov. 2014.

Fazl-E-Haider, Syed. “Malala versus Extremism: Not Taliban, but Talibanization.” Harvard        International Review 34.4 (2013): 73-76. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.

            First, this scholarly journal article tells that Malala was shot by the Taliban in Pakistan when she was just fourteen years old­­­­. Pakistan’s government tries to fight Islamist extremists in Pakistan. However, it is hard to win, for they have to face to “not the Taliban but Talibanization” (73). Second, this journal writes briefly about Malalaian theory, which can use to fight extremism effectively, “Education is the best drone to combat the radicalization of people in underdeveloped tribal areas” (73). Many Pakistani young people follow her mission. Third, the number of the Taliban’s members increases quite quickly, for they hate America: in 2010, the U.S. “killed at least 700 people” (73) in this area. In parallel with using the army, America establishes ROZs (Reconstruction Opportunity Zones) in the border areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan which creates more jobs to reduce poor people in this area, known as FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas). Fourth, the war continues. Fifth, the author describes the Taliban’s Vision of Pakistan as “Talibanized state.” Sixth, the argument about the attack on Malala is happening between the pro-Taliban and anti-Taliban, which also means the journal gives opposing views. Pro-Taliban says “Malala’s attack is being exploited to launch a military offensive,” (75) which the U.S. supports. They also ask, “who will be responsible for killing of women and children in US drone strikes in tribal areas?” (75). Furthermore, as JUI-F, a religious and rightist political party, points out, the attack on Malala is  a drama “because there was no sign of an injury after the bandage on her head was removed” (76). They too, ignore 40, 000 Pakistani people who died because of terrorist attacks (76). Moreover, “the Taliban has not only accepted responsibility for the attack, but also threatened to attack [Malala] again if she survives” (76). With academics, Fazl-E-Haider does not use emotional writing. The voice of the author is neutral, scientific, diverse, and not biased.

Fisher, Max. “The Worst Thing Obama Could Do for Hong Kong’s Protests is Support Them.”   Vox.com. Vox Media, 2 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Dec 2014.

Friedman, George. The Next 100 years: The Forecast for the 21^st Century. New York:        Doubleday, 2009. Print.

Heller, Robert. Bill Gates: Genius of the Software Revolution and Master of the Information Age. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2000. Print.

“Hong Kong Protests: the Key Players.” BBC News. BBC, 2 Dec. 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2014.

Kessel, Jonah. “The Evolution of Joshua Wong.” Nytimes.com. New York Times. 1 Oct 2014.      Web. 24 Oct 2014.     

            This video describes briefly “the evolution of Joshua Wong.” Wong declares about Scholarism, “When the average student thinks of how to study or plan their career for the future, students of Scholarism think about what Hong Kong’s future should be like.” In July he and 200,000 people protest for democracy.  The right to vote for the next leader in H K is in 2017. This is their desire, “In the end, what we need is a system that will accommodate everybody’s voice, not an exclusive, selfish system.” Wong now “is a symbol of democracy.” Wong, again, protests with many Hongkongers. He was arrested and taken away, but others students continued to protest. This is a short video, yet it describes quite well the revolution (not evolution) of Joshua Wong in this year, 2014. However, one statistic is not really credible, for this video describes the number of protesters in Hong Kong is 200,000 as Wong says, “Even with 200,000 people participating in civil disobedience, the government still turns the blind eye?” There are some other different statistics about the quantity of Hong Kongese protesters. One writes, “Tens of thousands of protesters are occupying the central city district” (Li). One another source tells that they “include well over 100,000 people” (“No exit; Hong Kong Protests.”). Since there have not been any scholarly journal articles which describe the number of the demonstrators, we cannot know exactly the number. I think it is about maximum 100,000 protesters at a specific time.

Khan, Sumera. “National Peace Prize Named after Malala Yousafzai.” The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune News Network, 20 Dec. 2011. Web. 27. Oct. 2014.

Li, Eric. “The umbrella revolution won’t give Hong Kong democracy. Protesters should stop        calling for it.” Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 6 Oct 2014. Web. 28 Oct          2014.

Marcello, Patricia Cronin. "About the Author." The Dalai Lama: A Biography. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2003. ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. Web. 30 Nov 2014.

            In this ebook,  Patricia Cronin Marcello, the author, writes about the life of Dalai Lama 14th,  the Tibetan Buddhist Monk who has been a great sage in Buddhism all over the world and tried to confront Chinese goverment for liberation of Tibet. Lhamo Dhondup was born on July 6, 1935 in northeastern Tibet and was searched for to be considered the fourteenth Dalai Lama.  According to Tibetan belief, the fourteenth Dalai Lama is a reincarnation, a rebirth of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, the both political and spiritual leader of  Tibet. He was educated carefully and successfully in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital. At that time, the Chinese goverment wanted to control Tibet as a Chinese province, but almost all Tibetans resisted. The Dalai Lama had to visited to Beijing to negotiate with Mao Zedong in 1954, which did not succeed. As a result, both violent and non-violent wars had happened many times in Tibet. Though the Dalai Lama was so busy, in 1959, he achieved “a doctorate in metaphysics, the Geshe degree, which is the highest academic degree awarded in Tibet” (90). It often takes twenty years for a normal person to get this degree, but he just needed about ten years. In 1959, after a heavy Chinese invasion to Lhasa, The Dalai Lama 14th and a group of people had to escape narrowly to India as exiles. Since then, he travels all over the world to have a movement for freedom in Tibet and to teach Buddhism, especially in North America and in Europe. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. The Chinese goverment has a bad attitude towards him. He has not been allowed to return to Tibet, as well as China. He is one of the most famous spiritual leaders all over the world nowadays. Patricia Cronin Marcello writes with an informative and respectful voice about the Dalai Lama. It is a sophisticated work with scientific evidence. The writer also uses an emotional voice, especially in describing the wars in Tibet.

Marshall, Will. “Hong Kong Screams, America is Silent.” Nynewyork.com. New York Daily          News, 3 Oct 2014. Web. 27 Oct 2014.

"No exit; Hong Kong protests." The Economist 4 Oct. 2014: 51(US). Biography in Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

“The Obama Administration’s Pivot to Asia.” Foreignpolicyi.org. Foreign Policy Initiative, nd.    Web. 26 Nov 2014.

Smith, Patricia. "The Battle for Hong Kong." New York Times Upfront 17 Nov. 2014: 12+. Biography in Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

 “The 25 Most Influential Teen of 2014.” Time. Time Inc. Network, 13 Oct. 2014. Web. 28 Oct.             2014.

 “Unbreakable: One Girl Changing the World—The Story of Malala” ABCNews. ABC.      FilmsonDemand. Web.18 Nov. 2014.

            This is a video which informs about Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani girl, who is just seventeen years old (later, in this year, 2014, she becomes the youngest person who receives Nobel Peace Prize). Dianne Sawyer interviews her. As a kid, Yousafzai (many people call her as Malala) just wants to study like any normal girl in the world. However, since 2009, Taliban tries to stop females’ education by violent action because “Islamic extremists see girls' education as a means to women's independence, which threatens their male-dominated way of life.” They even bomb the schools. Malala’s father has supported her way to fight for education, and non-violence is her philosophy. Malala becomes famous when BBC published her diary, and The New York Times made a film about her. These make the Taliban “sen[d] death threats” to her, but she did not give up her admirable way. On Oct. 9, 2012, Malala was shot on the head with three bullets by a chemistry-student-gunman when she was on the bus returning home. She was sent to a local hospital and then sent to Birmingham, England to continue the special treatment. Her survival is a miracle. Malala continues going forth, and with her effort, on her 16^th birthday, she has an opportunity to “spoke in front of the United Nations to advocate for education rights.” She also meets the current Secretary-General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, and the ruling president of the United States, Barak Obama, in this conference. Some female Islamic extremists oppose Malala, while some Muslims support her. In her mind, Malala forgives the one who shot her. Now, she lives in England and continues her peaceful protest for girl’s education. Malala has not thought about her marriage with many children. She wants to be a politician in the future. She hopes one day, she would have a chance to go back to her home country. Many Pakistani citizens wish to have a female president. She also creates a Malala Fund. This is a professional evideo. The interview has a great emphathy to Malala’s pain and worry. This video also presents the opposing views from the Taliban’s opinions, as well as from Islamic women ones.

“Watkin’s Spiritual 100 List for 2014.” Watkinsbooks.com. Watkins Books. 17 Feb 2014. Web.   24 Nov 2014.

            This magazine uses criteria including “analyzed social-media followings, cultural accolades, business acumen and more” to determine the list of 25 most influential teens in the world. The article describes the teens’ reputation on Twitter, Vine, TV, etc. Perhaps the magazine wants to describe teens’ global influence. The order of the list is from young to older teens. In the list, both at second are Sasha Obama, 13, and Malia Obama, 16. Malala Yousafzai is 18^th and Joshua Wong is 21^st. In fact, this list gives more than 25 teens, for some of them are the same rank. The criteria are good, yet they are not really strictly scientific. Time may weigh some criteria more heavily than others.

"Why Teens Often Lead Protests." Christian Science Monitor 02 Oct. 2014: N.PAG. Academic   Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2014.

This article in the Christian Science Monitor describes three specific teens who lead protests: Joshua Wong from Hong Kong, Malala Yousafzai from Pakistan, and Rekha Kalindi from India, but the author stresses more on the first two people. This article’s answer is that they want to apply their classroom knowledge to real life.  The article describes evidence from Taiwan to Iran, to Ukraine, to the West, and to China. The article also tries to relate these teens to American students and find out why “American students lack public engagement.” Then, the author answers that “it might be the overparenting and overcoaching of young children” and “‘The miseducation of the American Elite’” (Deresiewicz). In my opinion, Joshua Wong and Yousafzai are a new phenomenon, so the article did not have enough time to analyze more. Therefore, the answer of the question is quite simple and not diverse. The other answers, in my opinion, that they are geniuses who can see clearly the injustice in their society, or people behind them want to make an impression with very young leaders so that many people all over the world must observe in curiosity.  However, the answer is important, humorous, academic, and new.

Yousafzai, Malala, and Christina Lamb. I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban. New York: Little, 2013. Print.

            Chapter 10, part two: Toffees, Tennis Balls, and the Buddhas of Swat. From the beginning, Malala Yousafzai describes about the cruelty of the Taliban’s rule. Fazlullah [the leader of the Taliban] tries to stop girls’ education. Furthermore, they destroyed another religion, Buddhism. “First the Taliban took our music, then our Buddhas, then our history,” resents Malala (123). Then, the writer tells about Pakistan’s military fights against the Taliban, who “declared war on the Pakistani government”(128). When the authority’s helicopters fly above Swat, the Malala’village, they throw toffees and tennis balls to school children. Many kids try to catch joyfully. This is a ray of hope, so the author uses it as the name of this chapter. Americans supported the goverment. The military wins; however, the Taliban wins back. Finally, the goverment increases both the quantity and quality of military to fight the Taliban again. They win; nonetheless, the Taliban tries to attack against. Beside using logos with evidence to show how cruel the Taliban is, the author also uses pathos. Malala writes about the Taliban with bitterness, resentment, “The Taliban became the enemy of fine arts, culture and our history” (124). Nonetheless, sometimes the author is biased, “The Taliban destroyed everything old and brought nothing new” (124).